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I.Fill in the blanks in the following sentences:(30%)

嚴復在《天演論·譯例言》(1895)中提出：譯事三難_____________。此后100多年來，這就成了我國譯界的一個重要的翻譯標準。

2.我國大學英語專業八級考試對翻譯的要求：認識英漢的表達差異，掌握基本技巧，能夠翻譯當今英語國家報刊雜志的時文，譯文________________。

3.美國的翻譯理論家奈達博士(E.A. Nida)在其《翻譯理論與實踐》一書中將讀者(譯文受眾)引入翻譯標準，提出了_____________________________、_______________________________(注意此兩格用中英文填寫)的翻譯原則。他認為，翻譯就是“用最貼切、最自然的對等的譯入語從語義和文體兩方面再現原文信息”的過程，動態對等的標準就是譯文的讀者和原文的讀者在感受上基本相同。

4.Six guidelines in the employment of dictionaries in translation:

5.魯迅：比如一個名詞或動詞，寫不出，創作時可以回避，翻譯卻不成，和還得想，一直弄到頭昏眼花，好象腦子里面摸一個急于要開_________的鑰匙，卻沒有。

6.嚴復：一名之立，旬月__________。

7.陸殿揚先生就曾明確指出：Translate ___________, if possible, or, appeal to free translation.

8.喬姆斯基關于深層結構與表層結構的理論，對我們認識此點不無裨益。所謂深層結構，就是運用短語結構規則和詞項插入規則后所得到的結構，它包含句子成分間的語法關系和深層語義。所謂表層結構，______________________________________________________。

9.Nida認為，在一定條件下，才可以改變形式。他為此提出了改變形式的五個條件：

10.Nida認為：不合乎以上五個條件，就不能隨便更改;必須保持形式的一致，也就是采取________的方法。

11.Translations are like women – when they are faithful they are not beautiful, when they are beautiful they are not faithful.此比喻與我國老子的一個說法不謀而合。老子說____________________

II.Sentence translation：(24%)

1.This calls into question all of our assumptions that gay men are feminine.

2.One can’t think of Africa without thinking of Egypt, the cradle of an ancient civilization, nor of Egypt without the Nile.

3.Mary never accepted an invitation unless Anne was included in it. It was a case of love me, love my dog.

4.And as to the chapter of accidents which counts for so much in the book of success, I could only hope that it was closed.

5.Translations are like matchmakers; they bring the praise of some half-veiled beauty and arouse an irresistible longing for the original.

6.The real escapist can watch a free film and sip champagne on some services.

7.Tess set up in bed, lost in vague interspace between dreams and this information.

8.If we do not hang together, we shall most assuredly hang separately.

9.It is a long lane that has no turning. 

10.Health programs initiated in work environments, health clinics, hospitals and schools could be improved with more individual tailoring.

11.Having sex once or twice a week gives a boost to the immune system that could help ward off colds and flu, New Scientist magazine said Wednesday.

12.Strike at him with your hand; and to him, the aspect of the matter is, what to you it would be, if an acre(英畝)of red clay, ten feet thick, tore itself up from the ground and came crashing down with an aim. He steps out of the way of your hand, and alights(落下)on the back of it. You cannot terrify him, nor govern him, nor persuade him, nor convince him.

III. Sentence translation(20%):

1Most of us, however, take life for granted. We know that one day we must die, but usually we picture that day as far in the future. When we are in buoyant (本義：有浮力的) health, death is all but unimaginable. We seldom think of it. The days stretch out in an endless vista(展望). So we go about our petty tasks, hardly aware of our listless (冷漠的) attitude toward life.

2It is the same old story of not being grateful for what we have until we lose it, of not being conscious of health until we are ill./6

3I have often thought it would be a blessing if each human being were stricken blind and deaf for a few days at some time during his early adult life. Darkness would make him more appreciative of sight; silence would teach him the joys of sound. 

IV.Passage translation(26%)：

“We are not sure what this means,'' said Dr. George Carlo, who headed the industry's $27 million safety research project from 1993 until last year. ``This could be a colossal (巨大的) coincidence or the tip of the iceberg(冰山),'' said Carlo, an epidemiologist (流行病學家)and lawyer. 4

With 86 million cellular phone users in the United States alone and 30,000 new users signing up daily, “this translates into a potentially significant public health problem, should the use of these devices even slightly increase the risk of adverse health effects,'' the FDA says. /10

If you're concerned about the microwave radiation(輻射)emitted(發出)from your cell phone, the FDA suggests these precautions: 

Avoid using cell phones for long durations. “Time is a key factor in how much exposure a person receives,'' the agency is advising consumers. People should use convention telephones for longer conversations, the agency says. 

If cell phones must be used for lengthy calls, the FDA advises switching to a model that places greater distance between the user's head and the phone “since the (radiation) exposure level drops off dramatically with distance.'' 

For example, headsets or earphones let users make calls while keeping the antenna(天線) several feet from the head. Another example is a car phone with the antenna on the outside of the car. 

參考答案

I.Fill in the blanks in the following sentences:(30%)

1.信達雅 9

2.忠實、通順 10

3.“動態對等”(dynamic equivalence)、“功能對等”(functional equivalence)

4.aGlaring errors in ECT derived from the take-it-for-granted attitude –-- Dictionary is indispensable.

bMechanical reference fails the translators – Dictionary is not always so reliable.

cEnglish to English dictionary is sometimes a better helper.

dNever confine your reference to one dictionary.

eDivergent thought works when dictionaries fail to work.

fDictionaries cannot be expected to be always correct, esp. the dictionaries compiled by Chinese scholars. 6

5.開箱子的 2

6.踟躇 3

7.Literally 

8.就是在深層結構上運用轉換規則衍生出來實際運用的句子。 

9.a直譯會導致意義上的錯誤時;

b引入外來語形成語義空白(semantic zero)，讀者有可能自己填入錯誤的意義時;

c形式對等引起嚴重的意義晦澀時;

d形式對等引起作者原意所沒有的歧義時;

e形式對等違反譯入語的語法或文體規范時。

10.直譯 7

11.美言不信，信言不美。 

II.Translate：(24%)

1.這就使我們的男同性戀者女性化的設想值得商榷了。

2.想起非洲，人們不可能不想到作為古代文明發祥地之一的埃及;而想起埃及，也不可能不想到尼羅河。

3.如果有什么人邀請瑪麗而不請按妮，瑪麗就不會去。這真是一個“如果你愛我，就要愛我的狗 如果你愛我，就得愛屬于我的一切”的例子。

4.成功的人生是一本書，而這本書里，巧合則是至關重要的一個章節。而對于這種巧合，我現在卻不敢奢求。

5.翻譯作品好象媒人：他們給你帶來對某個清紗半掩的美人的稱贊，從而引起你很想一見其人的本來面目的欲望。

6.在某些航線上，想解悶的人，可以看看免費電影，喝喝香檳。

7.苔絲從床上坐起來，一聽這個話，一半朦朧，一半清醒，在那兒發愣。

8.我們必須共同上戰場，否則就得分別上刑場。

9.無論多長的巷子也有拐彎之處。(路必有彎，事必有變。)

10.如果你以掌擊蠅，其感受如同一英畝見方、十英尺之厚的紅士拔地而起，突然劈頭蓋腦地向你砸來一般。它避開你的掌心，又飄然落在你的手背上。你唬不住它，也管不了它，勸它不動，也說它不服。

11.在工作環境、健康診所、醫院和學校業已實施的健康方案可以有所改進，使之增加個人的針對性。 

12.每周做愛一到兩次能夠強化人體的免疫系統，能夠避免感冒或流感的侵襲，《新科學家》雜志周三說。

III. Sentence translation(20%):

1然而，我們大多數人都把生命視作理所當然。我們知道遲早我們會離開這個世界，但是，我們通常把這一天想象得遙遙無期。我們身強力壯之時，死亡是不可思議的。我們很少想到死。日復一日，光陰無限。我們為區區小事而奔忙，碌碌無為而不知自身對待生命的態度何等消極冷漠。

2事情往往如此：失去之物方知貴，病來才曉健康好。

3我常常這樣想，假如每個人在步入成年時，驟然失明失聰幾日，那也許是天賜之福。黑暗使人珍惜光明，寂靜教人倍覺聲音之歡樂。

IV.Passage translation(26%)：

1從1993年直到去年一直在領導工業界提供的二千七百萬美元的安全研究項目的喬治·卡羅博士說：“我們還不能肯定著意味著什么。”身兼流行病學家和律師的卡羅說：“這可能是一種罕見的巧合，也可能是冰山一角。”

2食品和藥物管理局說，僅美國就有手機使用者八千六百萬人，每天登記的新用戶有三萬之眾，“假如使用這種玩藝只是稍有危害健康的風險，這也將釀成重大的公共健康的問題。”

3如果你對手機發出的微波輻射感到憂慮，食品和藥物管理局建議你采取下列預防措施：

4--避免長時間使用手機。代理商勸告消費者說，“一個人接受多少輻射，時間是關鍵因素。”代理商還說，人們應使用傳統電話進行長時間的交談。

5---如果需要使用手機作長時間的交談，食品和藥物管理局建議改用距離使用者頭部較遠的機型，“因為輻射強度隨著距離急劇減少。”

6例如，頭戴式受話器或耳塞既能讓使用者通話，又能使天線距離頭部幾英尺之外。另一個例子是車用電話，天線安裝在車外。