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一、表示完成動(dòng)作的動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)、過去完成時(shí)、將來完成時(shí)

1.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)： have(has) done.

1)表示從現(xiàn)在之前(即過去)開始發(fā)生并持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。

這種現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的特點(diǎn)：1)謂語動(dòng)詞一般為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。

2)動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去，但是這一動(dòng)作持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，而且還可能繼續(xù)持續(xù)下去。

3)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用的時(shí)間狀語通常是表示“一段時(shí)間”的時(shí)間狀語，以說明某個(gè)動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)持續(xù)了多久。

如：I have lived there for three years.我已經(jīng)住在那里三年了。

She has taught in the school since I came here.自從我來到這里她就在學(xué)校里教書。

與這種現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)搭配的時(shí)間狀語如下：

a.) since+時(shí)間點(diǎn)

如：I have worked in this company since 1998.自從1998年我就在這家公司工作

b).for +時(shí)間段

如：I have worked in this company for three years.我在這家公司工作三年了。

c) “到目前為止”

until now, up until now, up to now, so far

如： We have up until now failed to take any action to decide on a common language that would further communication between nation.到目前為止，我們尚未采取任何行動(dòng)來決定一門國際通用語言，以促進(jìn)國際間交流。

d) “在最近幾世紀(jì)/年/月以來”

in the past few years, over the past few years, during the last three months, through centuries等。

如：Through history man has had to accept the fact that all living things must die.自古以來，人類就必須接受這樣的事實(shí)：一切生命體都會(huì)消亡。

2) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示不確定的過去發(fā)生的某一動(dòng)作對現(xiàn)在仍有影響。謂語動(dòng)詞一般為短暫性動(dòng)詞。

如： He has broken his leg.他的腿跌斷了。(言外之意就是他可能現(xiàn)在不能和別的同學(xué)一樣出去郊游)

注：a)這種現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的動(dòng)詞是短暫性動(dòng)詞，如：come, go , leave , kill, die, lose, buy, start等，因此與他們連用的時(shí)間狀語不能是指“一段時(shí)間”的。

如：不可以說：He has left his hometown for three years.

可以改為：He left his hometown three years ago.

It is three years since he left his hometown.

He has been away from his hometown for three years.

b)這種完成時(shí)可以不和任何時(shí)間狀語連用，也可以和一些表示不確定的時(shí)間狀語連用。如：already, yet, lately, just, never等。

如：Has it stopped raining yet?雨停了嗎?

He has already arrived.他已經(jīng)到了。

c)這種現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)經(jīng)常用來表示最近發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，提供最新消息，具有新聞性質(zhì)。

如：The president has been assassinated.總統(tǒng)被暗殺了。

3)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示到目前為止的一個(gè)時(shí)間段內(nèi)重復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。

如：We have taken three tests so far this week.我們目前這周已經(jīng)考過三次試了。(重復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作)

4)其他使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的結(jié)構(gòu)

a) this/that/it is +序數(shù)詞+名詞+that +現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)

如： It is the first time that I have come to Beijing.這是我第一次來北京。

b)this/that /it is +最高級(jí)或only修飾名詞+現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)

如：This is the best wine I have ever drunk.這是我喝過的最好的葡萄酒。

This is the only book he has written. 這是他寫過的唯一的一本書。

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)總是與現(xiàn)在有著密切的聯(lián)系：或是表示到現(xiàn)在為止這一段時(shí)間的“一直在持續(xù)”或“重復(fù)發(fā)生”的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài);或是表示影響現(xiàn)狀的事件。

5)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和一般過去時(shí)的對比

a)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和一般過去時(shí)都表示過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作和狀態(tài)，但是當(dāng)我們強(qiáng)調(diào)過去的事情對現(xiàn)在仍有重要影響時(shí)就要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。

如：He has broken his leg.他的腿摔斷了。(表明現(xiàn)在不能和同學(xué)們一起郊游)

He broke his leg. 他的腿摔斷了。(指表明過去的一種經(jīng)歷，但現(xiàn)在腿好了)

b)用于延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和一般過去時(shí)的區(qū)別：

如：I have smoked for two years.(我有兩年的煙齡了)

I smoked for two years.(我抽過兩年的煙，但現(xiàn)在戒了)

He has been in the army for 6 years.(他入伍以來已經(jīng)6年了)

He was in the army for 6 years.(他當(dāng)過6年的兵，現(xiàn)在不是了)

2.過去完成時(shí)：had done

1)表示開始在過去之前(即過去的過去)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)在過去這一時(shí)刻仍在繼續(xù)。

如：I had stayed in America for two years when he moved here.當(dāng)他到這里的時(shí)候我已經(jīng)在美國住了兩年了。(moved是過去的動(dòng)作，stayed 發(fā)生在moved之前，即過去的過去。在moved 之后還將會(huì)繼續(xù)stayed)

I had learned 1000 words by the end of last year.截止到去年年底我已經(jīng)學(xué)了1000個(gè)單詞了。(learned在過去時(shí)間the end of last year之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生，到去年年底之后還可能繼續(xù))

2)表示開始于過去之前的動(dòng)作到過去這一時(shí)刻之前即已停止。并沒有持續(xù)到這一過去時(shí)刻。這時(shí)的過去完成時(shí)的動(dòng)作通常是短暫動(dòng)作。

如：She had made everything ready before I came.在我來之前她已經(jīng)做好了準(zhǔn)備。(made everything ready這個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生在came之前，并且已經(jīng)結(jié)束。)

3)表示過去之前開始的動(dòng)作，在過去之前的一段時(shí)間里重復(fù)發(fā)生。

如：I had written her 100 letters when she finally promised to marry me.在她最后答應(yīng)嫁給我之前我已經(jīng)給她寫了100信了。(promised發(fā)生在過去，而had written 則是過去時(shí)間里重復(fù)發(fā)生的事情)

4)過去完成時(shí)的其他用法：

intend, mean, hope, want, plan, suppose, think, expect等動(dòng)詞的過去完成時(shí)可以表示過去未能實(shí)現(xiàn)的計(jì)劃、設(shè)想、意圖或希望等。

如：I had intended to see you, but I was busy.我本來打算去看你但是我很忙。

They had hoped to see you off at the airport, but they got there too late.他們本來希望到機(jī)場送你，但是他們?nèi)ネ砹恕?/p>

過去完成時(shí)用于對過去事實(shí)進(jìn)行虛擬的條件句中。

如：If you had been at the party, you would have met him.如果你去了晚會(huì)，你就會(huì)見到他的。