Chapter 4：Transition to the Modern Age (1455-1688) 向現代英國的過渡

I. Transition to the Modern Age (1455-1485)

  向現代英國的過渡(1455年-1485年)

The Wars of Rose

玫瑰戰爭

The name Wars of the Roses was refer to the battles between the House of Lancaster, symbolized by the read rose, and that of York, symbolized by the white, from 1455 to 1485. Henry Tudor, descendant of Duke of Lancaster won victory at Bosworth Fireld in 1485 and put ht country under the rule of the Tudors. From these Wars, English feudalism received its death blow. The great medieval nobility was much weakened.

玫瑰戰爭是指，從1455年到1485年，以紅玫瑰為象征的蘭開斯特大家族和以白玫瑰為象征的約克家族之間戰爭的普遍接受的名稱。1485年，蘭開斯特家族的后代亨利都鐸取得了博斯沃恩戰役的勝利，建立了都鐸王朝。這些戰爭使英國的封建主義受到致命打擊，貴族階層受到了削弱。

II. The English Reformation

英國的宗教改革

Henry VIII was above all responsible for the religious reform of the church. There were three main causes: a desire for change and reform in the church had been growing for many years and now, encouraged by the success of Martin Luther, many people believed its time had come; the privilege and wealth of the clergy were resented; and Henry needed money.

最重要的是，亨利八世負責進行教會的宗教改革。改革原因有三個主要方面：改革教會的渴望已有多年，現在又受馬丁路德成功的鼓舞，許多人認為時機已到；人們痛恨教職人員的威望和財富；亨利需要錢。

The reform began as a struggle for a spanorce and ended in freedom from the Papacy. Henry VIII wanted to spanorce Catherine of Aragon but the Pope refused. Henry’s reforms was to get rid of the English Church’s connection with the Pope, and to make an independent Church of England. He made this break with Rome gradually between 1529