Chapter 21 Literature, Architecture and Music 文化，建筑和音樂

1．Benjamin Franklin was the only writer in the colonial period whose works are read today “Lost time is never found again”, “God helps those who help themselves “are very famous saying in his Poor Richard’s Almanac.本杰明。富蘭克大是殖民地時期唯一一位作品至今仍廣為傳誦的作家“光陰一去不復回”“自助者，天助之，都是他《窮理查的年鑒》中的名言。

2．Benjamin Franklin’s uncompleted Autobiography is perhaps the first real American writing as well as the first real autobiography in English.本杰明。富蘭克林沒完成的自傳可能是第一本真正的美國作品，也是第一本用英語寫的自傳.

3．Washington Irving was the first American writer who gained international fame. His most famous book The Sketch Book contains two of the best-love stories from American literature: and .華盛頓.歐文是第一個獲得國際知名度的美國作家，他最著名的一本書《見聞札記》，它包括了美國文學兩個最受歡迎的故事《瑞普。凡。溫克爾》和《睡谷的傳奇》

4．In the early part of the 19th century, New York City was the center of American writing .Its writers were called :Knickerbockers” and the period from 1810 to 1840 is called the “Knickerbockers Era” of the American literature. 19世紀早期，紐約城是美國的寫作中心，這里的作家被稱為紐約市人，從1810-1840年的三十年被稱為美國文學的“紐約市人時期。

5．In 1936, Emerson published his famous book Nature, which is the clearest statement of Transcendentalist ideas. In 1837, Emerson gave a speech at Harvard University: “The American Scholar”, which was considered the intellectual Declaration of independence.1836年，愛默生出版了其著作《自然》該書對先驗主義作了最清楚的闡述，1837年，愛默生在哈佛大學發表了題為《美國的學者》的演講，該演講被認為是知識分子的獨立宣言。

6．In The Scarlet Letter, Hawthorne consider the effect on an inspanidual’s character of guilty conscience, of hypocrisy, and of hatred.霍桑在代表作《紅字》中對人物性格的內疚，虛偽和憎恨的外部影響提出了自己的看法。

7．Mark Twain’s famous works are:1> The Adventure of Tom Sawyer.湯姆。索亞歷險記